January
So here we are, January 2024 already. Indeed, the turn of the year puts into perspective just how long we have spent developing our gardens together.
When we started the Digest, my garden was just a small grass field. Now, despite the lack of trees and large shrubs, all the shapes, shoots and spaces are becoming clear.
It reminds me that projects are never static and in the garden we have never really completed a task – a prospect new gardeners may find daunting. But fear not, those of us who have gardened over time know that the small joys are worth the effort. The ever-growing garden and its vibrant tapestry of colour and form are a direct collaboration between our minds, hands and mother nature. It’s a fulfilling experience, and I never fail to find joy in the coming and going of the seasons and the evolving landscape of my garden.
This year, I have started with gusto. And like most Januarys, I start out with high ambitions of getting on with my dahlias… which reminds me, order them as soon as you can and lay them in trays or boxes with compost and in a cool, frost-free room. This will allow the tubers to hydrate and the buds to start.
January is also a good time to begin other projects, such as moving perennials and refining the shape of your garden.
For me, I have dug up all my summer raspberries in the potager after three years in the same location, and replanted them in a new bed. There are two reasons to do this: the soil of the bed will be much improved by the action of the raspberry roots and three years’ worth of leaf mulch; and the soil structure of another bed requires improvement, so the addition of raspberry plants – excellent colonisers and ideal for enriching soil – should work nicely.
Be aware that you will get small shoots appearing in the older bed you removed the raspberries from. These can be easily dug up and planted elsewhere, or potted and given to friends for their own garden exploits.
I have also been taking hard wood cuttings, which we have made a video about before, should you want to give it a go. I planted these in a nursery bed ready for autumn, when they can be planted outside or potted up.
One project I’m really looking forward to is the building of some new brick entrance posts to part of the garden. These will be in the same local vernacular style as those in the main drive which I created last year. This will be something to focus on once the risk of hard frost has passed in a couple of months’ time.
The start of the year is also a good opportunity for learning and taking heed of past experiences. To this end, I will sound one note of caution for those keen to get in the garden as early as possible. The start of the year can be a tempting time to rip open packets of seeds with abandon, but after the best part of 28 years of gardening, the best advice I can give is that unless they’re sweet peas, don’t bother. It’s not worth the headaches and disappointment. Wait a month and start later, the seedlings won’t notice but I assure you, you will.
It's also important to be aware of the inevitable cold snap(s) that January and February so often bring. Stay prepared with protective fleece and have mulch to hand so you can protect plants that have enjoyed one of the warmest Decembers since the end of the nineteenth century.
Whatever you plan to do over the coming month, make sure of one thing - get out and enjoy your garden space whenever possible.
February
I have been spending the past few days near Ledbury, and although we think there have been a few chilly days, in fact, the winter has been wet rather than cold. Lots of tree buds seem to be swelling a little earlier and snowdrops are well advanced.
February is an odd month. On a warmer day, particularly towards dusk, you can smell the approaching spring – yet, on a cold dull day, it feels like winter is eternal. This makes it a very difficult month for many people. Although the shortest and best advice I could give this month may be to book a trip to Tangier or some other sunny, warm place, I do have to remind you that this is the month to order dahlias, start thinking about seeding potatoes, and plan your vegetable crops for the coming season.
I will be trying dahlias again. A lack of success over the past years saw me, in desperation, take to a social media platform to ask other gardeners for their tips for success. The online gardening community is a friendly bunch but, sadly, the secrets received in one reply were rather succinctly counterargued in another, and I was no further ahead.
I am, however, going to start them off early in a cold room to get growth going, plant them out in early April in a bed enriched with manure, and feed them all year long to see if the results are better; this seemed to be the general theme of the replies I received.
I have spent a few days moving smaller shrubs that I came to realise were in the wrong locations. Whilst plants are dormant, you can move them around and catch the end of the bare-root season for hedging plants and some shrubs. I will be digging up my raspberry canes and moving them to a new bed this month. Raspberries are brilliant at building soil, so I use them a little like worker plants to improve my vegetable beds for two or so seasons, and then carefully dig them out and move them on. So, if you have an area of poor soil, try planting some. The added and obvious benefit is a long season of delicious fruit.
Well, I did say it was a short month, but don’t worry – in a few weeks’ time, the garden will be calling you day and night. So, as the French might say, ‘profite bien’ of the wood burner and relaxed daydreaming through plant catalogues whilst you can!
March
At last, spring is in the air and by the end of this month, the night will finally feel shorter. One of the joys of spring I always miss, which I intend to rectify this year, is waking up early for the dawn chorus. It seems to me that I have heard more birds the last couple of months, and so I will make the effort to catch this magical moment in my own garden in March.
We traditionally think of feeding birds over the winter months, but I like to feed into spring and through the nesting and fledgling seasons. Given our long hot summers, I also like to ensure I have somewhere birds can drink from. I would say that my spaniel Netta does her bit too by donating her shedding coat for nests, but judging by the amount she gladly gives away, there never seems to be enough takers to stop the dreaded hair balls.
One of our small birds whose numbers continue to fall is the house sparrow. It may not be as colourful and ‘exotic’ as the blue tit, but it is certainly a bird whose subtle colours and cheery disposition I enjoy. Observing that it needs our help, this year I will be installing some bird boxes designed for small birds to nest in, which I hope will encourage them now that so many old farm buildings and outhouses have been converted and smartened up for our use, which in turn has made them homeless.
Many of us will be swept away by warmer soils and a glut of seed sowing. Remember not everything needs to sown immediately; many plants can wait right into April and will catch up effortlessly. I will be sowing radish, lettuce, and early carrots directly into prepared seed beds this year. I will repeat sowing these every six weeks until autumn for continued crops. Vegetables can be very hungry, so feed with pelleted chicken manure or high nitrogen foods to get good yields, If you have them, you can spread the cleanings from your chicken house directly onto vegetable beds and flower beds to give plants a natural boost.
March is also a great month to spot the gaps in our borders and look for larger herbaceous perennials that can be dug up, split in half or in three with a spade, and replanted. This is a really easy way to ensure full borders, and many herbaceous plants need a division such as this every two to three years to keep nice and healthy. If you have a lot of one plant, you can always swap with gardening neighbours and friends to extend your own planting palette. In fact, many gardening clubs hold swap days in spring to this end, which always provides one or two new plants for the garden.
This spring will be the first time in a long time that I’m on top of weeding and preparing my garden for its annual opening in the first week of June. Early weeding really sets you up for a more controlled year. If you have time, getting those self-seeded weed seedlings and perennial weeds out in March will make life easier for you throughout summer. I should also mention that March is the first month you need to spray box plants if you have them. the dreaded box caterpillar, which can strip a plant in 24 hours, has marched or munched it way across most of the United Kingdom now, so it is rather obligatory to spray box hedges and topiary forms three to four times a year to keep them healthy and intact.
Lastly, this month will be filled with the gentle hum of lawn mowers. If you notice you have a few bald spots, go vigorously over the lawn with a lawn rake to remove thatch, and sow directly. It should germinate within five days and the lawn will look much improved before you can even say April!
April
The beauty of the blossom appears fleetingly in April, but it’s worth every moment. This month seems abound with all forms of blossom and one of my favourites is the ancient quince. I associate this tree with Tudor England, although it first arrived in Britain in 1275 when four were planted at the Tower of London by Edward I. It gained favour as winters were considerably colder during this time and the quince could withstand the harsh weather.
The quince forms a deciduous tree reaching up to 20ft without pruning. Its leaves are a luxurious mid-green, a colour Farrow and Ball would kill for, and the undersides carry a thick felt-like substance, which in autumn covers its pendulous golden, yet tough fruits. The blossom in April is a showstopper, its structure is simple like most trees of the Roseacea family and the tree is large and slightly crimped in shades of off-white and rose-pink. If you have space, I would plant the variety ‘Vranja’, which grows into the most wonderful shape with age.
The native country of the quince, like that of some other commonly cultivated plants, is not definitely known. But it’s probably native to the Caucasus Mountains stretching from the Turkestan region of Kazakhstan to Iran. Many of us know it for the fruit which makes a delicious jelly. [link to video]
There are lots of spring flowering plants all bursting into life now and tulips are of course at their zenith. This is a popular flower, and we mustn’t forget that at the height of what was known as the ‘tulip mania’, these bulbs were selling for the price of a house! Many websites will be accepting pre-orders of tulips from May, so now is the time to think about gaps and additions and get your orders in early, especially for more unusual types.
I plant the tulip varieties that grow wild in Turkey and Iran, such as the T. clusiana ‘Honky Tonk’ with its soft butter yellow flowers and the more mauve and velvet species, such as T. danique and humilis. These are very happy multiplying in open ground, but I also like to plant showy parrot type tulips in pots as I can lift them on to tables and pedestals and be at eye level with the remarkable flowers that have such a fascinating history in popular culture.
This month you can also sow lots of annuals and hardy perennials alongside vegetables, so it’s a bumper month of activity. Thankfully, the days are longer and after a day or evening’s toil in the garden, you can slowly wander around, tea in hand, looking at all the plants happily growing with the promise of summer to come. It’s a magical time of year, the birdsong is vibrant and the soft fragrance of soil and fresh green growth fills both the evening and the morning air. What more could a gardener ask for.
May
Suddenly, spring is upon us. Well, we say that, but it seems we’re having a cold spring and one that’s considerably different to last year.
May is in fact a fickle month. I’ve previously seen tulips still in flower in May in the gardens at the Chelsea Flower Show, which takes place at the end of this month, so I’m not overly surprised it’s cold. The tulips have actually all finished in my garden and if yours have also finished, remember to snap the flowering stems and seedheads off. This will allow all the energy to return to the bulb, apart from the species tulips, whose seeds help their colonisation efforts.
In between the showers, this is a good month to sow seeds directly outside because, believe it or not, the soil will have warmed up. You could sow a host of vegetables in the garden or in containers, including greens such as rainbow chard or beetroot, which coincidently replace our cravings for chocolate. You could also sow carrots, lettuce and in frost free zones, you can even sow courgette. I must say I like to start my courgettes inside away from the slugs. I get them established in a small pot before planting out with a circle of defensive sheep’s wool to deter the slugs, which can destroy one plant in a night!
While you’re outside and the perennials are pushing on with new growth, it’s a good time to do two things. One is to add more staking, that you either forgot to do or didn’t bother doing earlier in the year. This is your last chance to avoid the lassoed effect of later summer when desperation calls. The second is to be a little ruthless with annual early flowers, like forget-me-not, and try and pull them away from the perennials that are just emerging and need space to grow up to flowering height. I tend to do this with other plants like Melissa, lemon balm and chicory, so they don’t smother my other plants (and to stop me getting annoyed about it later).
Towards the end of the month, you can also change the spring plants that you have in your containers, to summer plants. Containers are a bone of contention these days – are they water wasteful, and do we really need them in a well-designed space? I find some plants look great in containers and allow me to better appreciate them. Sempervivens, agapanthus and scent leaf pelargoniums all look lovely in summer, as do heavy parrot style tulips in spring, so I keep a few pots for my terrace and entrance to the house for this reason. I tend to plant out the bulbs into the borders ready for next year, although that said, they never really do much, but it’s the effort I think that counts.
While pulling out spring’s display and replanting, you can at least have a little think about missing bulbs for next spring. If you’re after specialities, now is the time to begin ordering and in fact there are usually two or three bulb suppliers at RHS Chelsea who take orders for autumn, as well as a wealth of good nurseries online.
Well, I said it was a fickle and tricky month, you could be outside all the time. I for one am slightly stressed by the prospect of being away for three of the four weeks and then returning with just one week to prepare my garden for the French nationals’ garden open weekend – last year I had over 300 visitors.
Every year, I‘ve been adding perennials, shrubs and structural hedging, as well as refining the planting schemes for the empty field I inherited on purchase. This year I’ve added fruit whips to create an espaliered hedge, reminiscent of the ones at the Rococo Garden in Gloucestershire. I hope the visitors notice these changes and how the garden is slowly evolving and beginning to take form. It’s a good lesson, gardens are never truly finished and always take time to yield results, so don’t be too hard on yourself if your plans don’t immediately reveal themselves, they will eventually show.
June
In June, we can finally take our foot off the brake as the growth spurts, which have kept us busy mowing, clipping and sometimes hacking plants to stop them taking over the garden, slow down.
The garden feels full, but we still have a few months of flowers and rich green foliage ahead of us. I think my favourite thing about June is strawberries. I’m never particularly good at growing them, but what I lack in horticultural skill, I make up for in my ability to harvest. On the surface, strawberries should be an easy little plant to grow; with light sun to partial shade and rich soils, they should be abundant in growth.
The strawberry I love the most is the small creeping alpine strawberry, Fragaria Vesca. These small fruits are deliciously rich. They produce prolific flowers throughout summer for far longer than that of the breed and hybridised strawberry of Wimbledon fame.
The alpine strawberry has been consumed since the Stone Age and its fruit is strongly and sweetly flavoured. It’s also a useful garden plant as it’s a good edging plant for borders and is easy to maintain at the woodland edge. In recent years, the alpine strawberry has also found favour with gourmet cooks and chefs, who use it in jams, sauces, and liqueurs. In fact, due to its popularity, Türkiye harvests hundreds of tons of this wild fruit annually, mainly for export.
June is when numerous flowers jostle for our attention, such as roses, campanulas, irises and hardy geraniums. I’m delighted that people are appreciating the value of wild and native plants in un-mown grasslands and are leaving the edges of their gardens more relaxed. One such wild and native plant is the Heal-all, or in Latin, Prunella Vulgaris.
Prunella Vulgaris is in fact a perennial herb native in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. During the 1800s it was introduced to many other areas due to its medical properties and has become invasive in the Pacific Islands, including Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii.
Its small purple flowering rosettes are really rather charming. The young leaves and stems can be eaten raw in salads and the plant as a whole can be boiled and eaten as a leaf vegetable.
In Chinese, Prunella is called xia ku cao and is used in Chinese medicine to treat dizziness, red eyes, dry cough, dermatitis and boils. You can also use it to make Heal-all tea, which is very popular in South Asia.
This is a great example of the secret history of plants, which we were happy to mow and remove just a few years ago. The same can be said for the June flowering Speedwell. This tiny blue flower often grows in grassy patches where the mowing regime is more relaxed. Its creeping stems and small flowers make it very much overlooked, but left to flourish, it provides colour and pollination opportunities for insects. In Austria, it is also commonly used as herbal medicine. It can be used to make a tea to help with disorders of the nervous system, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, metabolism, and as a cure for gout. In fact, due to its popularity as a tea, the plant was nearly eradicated from London during the 18th century.
However, neither of these can really compete with the roses and the other plants I’ve mentioned for their flowering showmanship. But sometimes, the big names in the plant world don’t necessarily have the historical background of other plants, which I find as impressive as the blooms.
Finally, on a practical note, now that the temperatures are soaring again, you should think carefully about the use of seasonal container displays and their need for water, which can feel almost never ending.
July
It’s hard to imagine that half a year has flown by already, but here we are heading into the long hot days of summer, we hope!
The month starts and finishes with two of our most beloved Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) flower shows – Hampton Court and Tatton Park – but there are big changes on the horizon for their future. The RHS has announced that Hampton Court will become a biennial event with more shows being held in new locations, such as Badminton Park in Gloucestershire, Sandringham House and Wentworth Woodhouse. All three, like RHS Chatsworth, will come with a host of new opportunities for nurseries, designers and sponsors alongside new challenges, especially in the first years.
I have many fond memories of Hampton Court, first in 2011 when I created a garden for the Kingdom of Jordan, winning my first gold medal and Best in Show. In fact, I’ve won gold for many of my garden creations there over the years – in 2016 with the Dogs Trust, 2018 with Viking Cruises and 2023 with Cancer Research UK. Most touchingly, I won last year People’s Choice award.
I’ve only created one garden for Tatton, which was back in in 2015 for Perennials, for which I was fortunate enough to win gold and Best in Show. I’ve been a judge at the show since 2016 and love the gardens, large and small, which show real flair and imagination. In fact, I’ve often thought Tatton is an unsung hero of the gardening calendar. It’s always had a very good and large floral marquee and societies tent where you can visit the likes of the Cottage Garden Society, the Alpine Garden Society and Plant Heritage (formerly the NCCPG), whose new name I always forget.
The last large show of the year is in September, although it often feels like the end of the season by July. However, it’s certainly not the case across the country as many smaller and unique shows take place, from rare plant sales to local fetes. These are complemented by a wealth of gardens open to the public all summer and autumn long, under the National Garden Scheme, which gives us a peek into the private world of other people’s gardens. I’m not suggesting we’re nosey, merely inquisitive. I love nothing more than mooching around gardens large and small looking at plant combinations, making notes of what I would and wouldn’t do in equal measure.
Another area that fascinates me is sculpture and its use in private gardens. What does it say about the owners, past and present? What are the owners telling us about themselves? Sculptures, like paintings in a house, say so much about how we want the world to see us.
Of course, a visit to an open private garden on a weekend would be nothing without the combination of cake, tea and plant sales, a highlight not to be missed. I opened my garden in June for the national weekend in France and welcomed 500 visitors. Preparing the garden for visitors is very stressful and a lot of work; it certainly gives new insight into the behind-the-scenes energy needed. So I take my hat off to those opening their gardens for our delight over the coming month and I hope you find time to visit one or two for inspiration and to give a little moral support.
August
The year has continued much as it started with a mixture of hot spells, rain and cold weather. I must confess, having the motivation to keep the garden going is proving hard, so if you feel a little worn with it all, rest assured you’re not alone.
Most of my friends have blight on their tomatoes and while I’ve escaped that calamity, I have small plants which refuse to grow. Blight is a direct cause of the ever-changing weather, so if you have blighted plants the best advice is to remove and burn them, don’t be tempted to compost as the fungus will survive in the compost and reappear next year.
You may think the same applies to courgette plants whose larger leaves always appear marked, but this isn’t blight. You can safely remove and compost these leaves and help expose the fruit to light and air.
The one reliable plant still fruiting away in the vegetable garden is my raspberry plant. I grow the traditional red summer fruiting variety; however, I also have the golden autumn fruiting plant, which as late summer approaches, will start producing fruit from the end of August. Easy to grow and very happy in the poorest soils, the raspberry really is a hard worker.
It’s very easy to forget a mid-season chop. We often think about the Chelsea chop in May, but there is room to cut back early flowering plants you don’t want to set seed. This helps make room for later flowering perennials to fill out and give good bloom over September and into October. If you intend to compost the removed growth, make sure you leave it a good two years or you may find little seedlings appearing from composted growth. Some plants like teasels are best cut back before setting seed to ensure the garden isn’t swamped by them the following year.
Aside from those little jobs, all you really need to do in August is water when needed. However, don’t water every day as the plants won’t learn to build up a natural resilience and their roots will remain on the surface stopping them from being able to draw their own water. This means if you go away on holiday in August and it happens to be hot, the garden will suffer a great deal more than it would have otherwise.
Whatever August brings, enjoy the last warm month of the year before the glories of autumn are upon us and the gardening work really starts.
September
Three years ago I wrote that September was a month for making changes to beds and lifting plants, but this advice doesn’t seem relevant anymore. For the past couple of years September has been too hot and dry to lift and successfully divide plants, and I don’t see this changing.
Throughout the gardening year I keep a note of the plants I want to move and changes I’d like to make to the garden. I’ve been making these notes since 2021, when I first started creating the garden and these changes have become less extreme as time has passed and have become more of an edit.
Over time, the three-dimensional shape of a garden emerges. You have to be patient as waiting for shrubs and trees to give the desired effect can actually take five to ten years. This is the first year I’ve seen the form of the original shrubs I’d planted back in 2021, which has been an important moment for me. It’s given me a chance to think about the structure that the woody plants provide, not only over the winter but also over the summer when they offer shade in the areas of the garden where I like to sit and read, or eat and relax.
So, this September I’ll be marking out where I’d like to add structure to the garden with clipped hornbeam shapes. These shapes will take some years to form, so for the interim period I intend to create the shape, to scale, in wood allowing the saplings to fill out the created void over time. I hope it’ll give me a sense of what will come and allow my lack of patience to be acknowledged. I’ll also be ordering some fruit trees to create some new espalier trained trees, these make great semi-transparent hedging and provide interesting structure over the winter.
My jobs are largely limited to online shopping for bulbs to plant later in the year for spring. It really is that time of year again, mowing the lawn and removing herbaceous plants which have finished flowering and don’t provide any food resource for birds, such as good fatty seed. This will help the end of year clear down as this year, at least half of the planting in the garden is more than three years old and it does need a little lifting, dividing and proper weeding. These are two jobs I don’t relish, but they are essential for next year.
September is the traditional month for pruning fruit trees ready for next year and I’ve created a video covering the basics, which you’ll find here. I don’t tend to have many fruit trees growing free form in the garden as they take up a lot of space and there are other ornamental trees I prefer. I’ve planted a lot of espalier fruit, it takes up less room and yields fruit, which is easy to pick, so if you have space this is something to consider. In fact, I might wander around the garden with a cup of tea one morning to plan potential plantings in a month or two.
Lastly for those growing vegetables, now’s the time to get in one sowing of late season lettuce so you can enjoy some small leaves for winter. If you have cloches, you can also sow lambs lettuce now, which will harvest through to Christmas, just like growing potatoes in a greenhouse in large pots ready to harvest for Christmas lunch.
I know it seems sad thinking about winter already, but my philosophy is plan into winter and then spring comes that little bit sooner.
October
I know I seem to endlessly go on about it, but October really is a good month – not just because I celebrate my birthday this month, but also because the weather is neither too hot nor too cold. This is great, because it means the wait is now over for us to bring to life some of the projects we’ve been mulling over all summer.
I think I’ve said this before; I have a terrible memory and ideas come and go, I forget them only to remember them again once the moment I could have implemented them has passed! And for this reason, I keep a garden notebook, a little old school I know, but I use it to note down plants that need to be moved or replaced, ideas for new plants, new design refinements and so on. This is handy when you’re starting a new garden because your initial design ideas often change, so keeping the notebook ensures you don’t make too many pointless and expensive changes along the way.
This year, I noted a few places I thought certain herbaceous perennials might do well and where they could add colour and interest during the months where areas of the garden may seem a little stagnant. Now, at last, I can do the thing I love the most – dig up large existing perennials and divide them to fill the borders to give a sense of design and theme to the spaces. I’m a qualified plantsman, but I don’t like the plantsman style garden where you have one weedy specimen of each plant. I like the challenge of having a sea of plants that sometimes don’t like my conditions or refuse to grow well together in a visually pleasing way.
I like to buy plants I’ve seen in other gardens or at garden shows and add them to the borders. I don’t tend to do this in the summer because to begin with, I don’t have water to waste, but I also don’t want to be watering them every night only to watch them struggle and die. It’s better to wait until October, let them get established before winter, and have a good-looking plant next year.
I’ve ordered a few bare root trees and I intend to espalier them. I’ve also bought some hedging plants to thicken up the hedges as they mature. These will be planted well after Christmas, but ordering the materials now ensures the stock is on hand when you need it and you haven’t missed the boat, as I have so often done in the past.
Of course, it would be hard to mention October without bulbs. They seem to arrive earlier and earlier in the garden centres, nurseries, and even supermarkets these days. If you see bulbs you like, it’s a good idea to buy them now, store them for a few weeks in a cool dry place, and in November plant them out in the garden. That way, they’ll flesh out their roots and start all the underground work, ready to provide a good crop of flowers in spring. Remember, mixing bulbs from crocus to tulips will give you spring colour from January through to May, with a bit of luck.
Lastly, a little tip for resting vegetable beds. If you want to give your crop-producing areas a little rest and nourishment, now is a good time to sow the green mulches, some of which are flowering, and restore nitrogen into the soil to ready it for next year’s crops. This saves weeding and looks a lot prettier than bare soil, which doesn’t really like being exposed anyway.
Before I go, I’d like to share a lovely vegan sticky toffee pear pudding recipe with you. It’s the perfect pudding to enjoy on an autumn day.
